MANILA — Most Filipinos, or 73 percent, view bribery as the most common type of corruption in the country, according to the latest Tugon ng Masa (TNM) survey conducted by OCTA Research.

The Quarter 4 TNM Survey, conducted from Dec. 3 to 11, 2025, and released Monday, was commissioned by the Office of the Ombudsman.

“Seventy-three percent (73 percent) of adult Filipinos identify bribery as the most common type of corruption, followed by irregularities in the use of public funds (66 percent), vote buying (64 percent), and slow justice (54 percent),” the report read.

“These four types consistently appear across regions and socioeconomic groups, underscoring the broad and structural nature of corruption concerns in the country,” it added.

The survey noted regional differences in secondary concerns. In some parts of Luzon and Visayas, irregularities in public funds were cited most, while vote buying was the top concern in parts of Eastern Visayas and Mindanao, reflecting local political dynamics.

Across income groups, bribery remained the leading concern, particularly visible in routine transactions with government offices. “Many Filipinos may have directly encountered or observed informal payments in frontline services, making it the most immediate and recognizable form of corruption,” OCTA Research said.

The poll also highlighted differences among socioeconomic classes: higher-income respondents (classes ABC) were more likely to cite irregularities in public funds and procurement; middle-income respondents (class D) noted vote buying ahead of slow justice; and lower-income respondents (class E) emphasized vote buying and slow justice.

The report recommended that anti-corruption strategies combine broad institutional reforms, such as stronger oversight, clearer procedures, and digitalization, with targeted measures addressing region-specific risks and community-level issues.

“Overall, the results underscore that effective anti-corruption strategies must address both institutional structures and lived public experiences, ensuring reforms are responsive to the everyday realities identified by respondents,” it read.

The survey interviewed 1,200 respondents nationwide through face-to-face interviews and has a ±3 percent margin of error at a 95 percent confidence level.